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Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures

Received: 28 March 2015     Accepted: 30 March 2015     Published: 11 April 2015
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Abstract

Background: Tobacco use is one of the major causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to examine which of the known evidence-based control measures actually work, and indentify their preventive or risky effects, in order to determine the various risk areas for any daily tobacco use in Europe. This is a cross-sectional geo-epidemiological study using secondary database data from the World Health Organization. Methods: Data from 2009 were used for all European countries. Daily smoking of any tobacco product (DSTP) and 12 other factors referring to tobacco control, comprise the main under study parameters. The final sample consisted of subjects from 45 European countries. First, the data management was fulfilled. Then, spatial statistics were performed in Arcmap 10 (GIS). Moran’s I and OLS spatial regression model were applied for the detection of spatial correlations and the high risk areas. Results: High spatial heterogeneity was demonstrated through the DSTP distribution. Greece and Austria have the highest rates (38-49%), Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Russia follow with 30-37%. Three out of the twelve factors examined were found to be random. The rest of them were used in the regression model, highlighting the high risk areas. Greece presented the highest risk (Exp B= 2.9; 95% CI= 2.183-3.326), Bulgaria, Turkey, Serbia and other countries followed (Exp B= 2.7; 95% CI= 1.937-3.013), whereas Finland, Norway and UK proved to be of no present risk (Exp B= 0.76; 95% CI= 0.258-0.936). Conclusions: Geo-epidemiology of tobacco usage monitors the phenomenon’s dynamics, effectively. It offers an insight in applying measures, co-examining for the first time, the effects of twelve measures of tobacco control as possible preventive or risk factors.

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 3-1)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Analysis and Mathematics in Health Research, During Times of Global Socio-Economic Instability

DOI 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15
Page(s) 24-29
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Tobacco Use, Control Measures, Spatial Analysis

References
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  • APA Style

    Pistolla Georgia, Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra. (2015). Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(3-1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15

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    ACS Style

    Pistolla Georgia; Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra. Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(3-1), 24-29. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15

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    AMA Style

    Pistolla Georgia, Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra. Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(3-1):24-29. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15,
      author = {Pistolla Georgia and Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra},
      title = {Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures},
      journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {3-1},
      pages = {24-29},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.s.2015030301.15},
      abstract = {Background: Tobacco use is one of the major causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to examine which of the known evidence-based control measures actually work, and indentify their preventive or risky effects, in order to determine the various risk areas for any daily tobacco use in Europe. This is a cross-sectional geo-epidemiological study using secondary database data from the World Health Organization. Methods: Data from 2009 were used for all European countries. Daily smoking of any tobacco product (DSTP) and 12 other factors referring to tobacco control, comprise the main under study parameters. The final sample consisted of subjects from 45 European countries. First, the data management was fulfilled. Then, spatial statistics were performed in Arcmap 10 (GIS). Moran’s I and OLS spatial regression model were applied for the detection of spatial correlations and the high risk areas. Results: High spatial heterogeneity was demonstrated through the DSTP distribution. Greece and Austria have the highest rates (38-49%), Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Russia follow with 30-37%. Three out of the twelve factors examined were found to be random. The rest of them were used in the regression model, highlighting the high risk areas. Greece presented the highest risk (Exp B= 2.9; 95% CI= 2.183-3.326), Bulgaria, Turkey, Serbia and other countries followed (Exp B= 2.7; 95% CI= 1.937-3.013), whereas Finland, Norway and UK proved to be of no present risk (Exp B= 0.76; 95% CI= 0.258-0.936). Conclusions: Geo-epidemiology of tobacco usage monitors the phenomenon’s dynamics, effectively. It offers an insight in applying measures, co-examining for the first time, the effects of twelve measures of tobacco control as possible preventive or risk factors.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Geo-Epidemiology of Tobacco Smoking in Europe and the impact of Twelve Tobacco Control Measures
    AU  - Pistolla Georgia
    AU  - Sifaki-Pistolla Dimitra
    Y1  - 2015/04/11
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15
    T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 24
    EP  - 29
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7950
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030301.15
    AB  - Background: Tobacco use is one of the major causes of premature death worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to examine which of the known evidence-based control measures actually work, and indentify their preventive or risky effects, in order to determine the various risk areas for any daily tobacco use in Europe. This is a cross-sectional geo-epidemiological study using secondary database data from the World Health Organization. Methods: Data from 2009 were used for all European countries. Daily smoking of any tobacco product (DSTP) and 12 other factors referring to tobacco control, comprise the main under study parameters. The final sample consisted of subjects from 45 European countries. First, the data management was fulfilled. Then, spatial statistics were performed in Arcmap 10 (GIS). Moran’s I and OLS spatial regression model were applied for the detection of spatial correlations and the high risk areas. Results: High spatial heterogeneity was demonstrated through the DSTP distribution. Greece and Austria have the highest rates (38-49%), Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Russia follow with 30-37%. Three out of the twelve factors examined were found to be random. The rest of them were used in the regression model, highlighting the high risk areas. Greece presented the highest risk (Exp B= 2.9; 95% CI= 2.183-3.326), Bulgaria, Turkey, Serbia and other countries followed (Exp B= 2.7; 95% CI= 1.937-3.013), whereas Finland, Norway and UK proved to be of no present risk (Exp B= 0.76; 95% CI= 0.258-0.936). Conclusions: Geo-epidemiology of tobacco usage monitors the phenomenon’s dynamics, effectively. It offers an insight in applying measures, co-examining for the first time, the effects of twelve measures of tobacco control as possible preventive or risk factors.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 3-1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Iraklion, Greece

  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Iraklion, Greece

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