| Peer-Reviewed

Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf

Received: 7 June 2015     Accepted: 14 June 2015     Published: 2 September 2015
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of hot water, hot and cold ethanol ethanolic extracts of the bark of Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf. were assayed, using standard techniques. Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), Serratia marcescens ( S. marcescens ), Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ), Alternaria solani ( A. solani ), Aspergillius niger ( A. niger )and Penicilium notatum ( P. notatum ) were used as the challenge / test organism. Agar well and paper disc diffusion techniques were adopted. Results showed that the bacteria; E. coli, S. marcescens, S. aureus , were susceptible to both hot water and hot ethanol extracts respectively with zones of inhibition as follows: E. coli (9, 12 mm) and (10, 15 mm), S. marcescen (9, 9 mm) and (9, 12 mm), S. aureus (8, 9mm) and (9, 10mm), respectively. The fungus; P notatum was susceptible to hot water, hot and cold ethanol extracts (7.5, 8, 8mm) and (7, 7.5, 7 mm). A. solani and A. niger were resistant to the bioactivity of the extracts. The presence of active principles; alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, poly phenol, saponins and tannins detected via the phytochemical screening may be responsible for the antimicrobial activities of the extracts.

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5-1)

This article belongs to the Special Issue Who Is Afraid of the Microbes

DOI 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12
Page(s) 8-13
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Stem Bark, Tabernaemontana pachysiphon, Bacteria, Fungus, Antimicrobial Activity, Phytochemical Analysis

References
[1] A. O. Ano, and C. I. Ubochi, “Phytochemical chemical composition of vegetable cowpea genotype. Advances in Science and Technology,” vol. 1, issue 1, pp. 1-7, 2007.
[2] D. E. Okwu, “Evaluation of the chemical composition of indigenous species flavouring agent,” Glob. Journal of pure and applied science, vol. 39, pp. 69-72, 2004.
[3] J. M. Dalziel, Useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Crown agents, London, 1995, pp. 341.
[4] H. M. Burkill, The useful plant of west Tropical Africa, 2nd ed. The White Frairs press ltd, London, 1995, pp. 190 –191.
[5] B.O. Green, Taxonomic and ethnobotanical studies on the family apocynaceae in Nigeria, PhD thesis, University of PortHarcourt, Nigeria, 1994.
[6] C.M. Duru and T.I. Mbata, “the antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extracts of Hedranthera barteri Hook and Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf,” Journal of Bio and Tissue Eng, vol. 2, issue 1, Pp 1 - 4, 2010.
[7] AOAC (Association of official Analytical Chemist), Official methods of analysis, Gaithersburg, 15th ed. M.D. USA, 2002, p 23.
[8] J.B. Harbone, “Phytochemical Methods, A guide to modern technique of plant analysis,” Cambridge University press, Cambridge. UK, 1973, Pp 233.
[9] G. E. Trease, and I. C. Evans, “Pharmacognosy 12th ed. Boinlliene Tinnal, London, 1989, pp 21-22.
[10] C. M Duru, T. I. Mbata, P. Ogu and U. Iheagwam, “The Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical screening of ethanolic leaf extracts of Hedranthera barteri and Tabernaemontana pachysiphon,” World Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 10 issue 1, pp 1549-1553, 2009.
[11] C. M. Duru, C. A. Omenka, and A. M. Gaye, “Roll back aflatoxin: Ethnobotanical exclusion approach,” Nig. Journal of Botany, vol. 25, issue 1, pp. 93-102, 2012.
[12] M. Cheesbrough, District laboratory practice in tropical countries, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, Uk, 2004
[13] I. K. Boakye-Yiadom, “Antimicrobial activity of two flavonone Isolate from the Camerounian plant Enythiana sigmoides,” Planta Medicia, vol. 54, issue 2, pp. 126-212, 1979.
[14] C. A. Omenka, N. Ukagwu, B.A. Ali and C. C. Onyemenonce, “Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Phyllantus niruri,” Int. world J. Science and Tech, vol. 3, issue 1, Pp. 160 – 168, 2004.
[15] C. M. Duru, and N. E. Onyedineke, “Invitro study on the Antimicrobial activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extracts of the mesocarp of Voacanga Africana. American Journal of Plant Physiology,” vol. 5, issue 4, pp. 163-169, 2010.
[16] C. Akujobi, B. N. Anyanwu, C. Onyeze and V. I. Ibekwe, “Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of four medicinal plants,” J. Appl. Sci., vol 7, issue 3, pp. 4328 – 4338, 2004.
[17] J.M. Whipps, “Effects of media on growth and interactions between a range of soil-borne grass pathogens and antagonistic fungi,” New Pathologist, vol. 107 pp 127-142, 1987.
[18] C. M. Duru and B. E. Okoli, “Invitro Antimicrobial Assay and Phytochemical Analysis of aqueous and Ethanolic fruit Extracts of Voacanga Africana,” Int. J. Env. Health & Human Dev. vol. 10, issue 1, pp. 24-30, 2009.
[19] K.A. Gomez and A.A. Gomez, Statistical procedure for agricultural Research, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984, pp. 680.
[20] M. Yusha’ u, A. S. Kutama and F. U Sadsu, “Inhibitory activity of Annona squamosa extracts on bacterial isolates of Respiratory tract,” Int. J. of Biological science, vol. 2, issue 4, 45 – 50, 2010.
[21] T. I, Mbata, C. M. Duru and H. A. Onwumelu, “Antibacterial activity of crude seed extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some pathogenic bacteria,’ J. Dev. Bio. Tissue Eng., vol. 1, issue 1, pp. 001-005, 2010.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Duru C. M., Anyadoh-Nwadike S. O., Okechukwu R. I. (2015). Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5-1), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Duru C. M.; Anyadoh-Nwadike S. O.; Okechukwu R. I. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(5-1), 8-13. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Duru C. M., Anyadoh-Nwadike S. O., Okechukwu R. I. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(5-1):8-13. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12,
      author = {Duru C. M. and Anyadoh-Nwadike S. O. and Okechukwu R. I.},
      title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf},
      journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5-1},
      pages = {8-13},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.s.2015030501.12},
      abstract = {Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of hot water, hot and cold ethanol ethanolic extracts of the bark of  Tabernaemontana pachysiphon  Stapf. were assayed, using standard techniques.  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ),  Serratia marcescens  ( S. marcescens ),  Staphylococcus aureus  ( S. aureus ),  Alternaria solani  ( A. solani ),  Aspergillius niger  ( A. niger )and  Penicilium notatum  ( P. notatum ) were used as the challenge / test organism. Agar well and paper disc diffusion techniques were adopted. Results showed that the bacteria;  E. coli, S. marcescens, S. aureus , were susceptible to both hot water and hot ethanol extracts respectively with zones of inhibition as follows:  E. coli  (9, 12 mm) and (10, 15 mm),  S. marcescen  (9, 9 mm) and (9, 12 mm),  S. aureus  (8, 9mm) and (9, 10mm), respectively. The fungus;  P notatum  was susceptible to hot water, hot and cold ethanol extracts (7.5, 8, 8mm) and (7, 7.5, 7 mm).  A. solani  and A. niger  were resistant to the bioactivity of the extracts. The presence of active principles; alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, poly phenol, saponins and tannins detected via the phytochemical screening may be responsible for the antimicrobial activities of the extracts.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of the Bark of Tabernaemontena pachysiphon Stapf
    AU  - Duru C. M.
    AU  - Anyadoh-Nwadike S. O.
    AU  - Okechukwu R. I.
    Y1  - 2015/09/02
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12
    T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 8
    EP  - 13
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7950
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.12
    AB  - Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of hot water, hot and cold ethanol ethanolic extracts of the bark of  Tabernaemontana pachysiphon  Stapf. were assayed, using standard techniques.  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ),  Serratia marcescens  ( S. marcescens ),  Staphylococcus aureus  ( S. aureus ),  Alternaria solani  ( A. solani ),  Aspergillius niger  ( A. niger )and  Penicilium notatum  ( P. notatum ) were used as the challenge / test organism. Agar well and paper disc diffusion techniques were adopted. Results showed that the bacteria;  E. coli, S. marcescens, S. aureus , were susceptible to both hot water and hot ethanol extracts respectively with zones of inhibition as follows:  E. coli  (9, 12 mm) and (10, 15 mm),  S. marcescen  (9, 9 mm) and (9, 12 mm),  S. aureus  (8, 9mm) and (9, 10mm), respectively. The fungus;  P notatum  was susceptible to hot water, hot and cold ethanol extracts (7.5, 8, 8mm) and (7, 7.5, 7 mm).  A. solani  and A. niger  were resistant to the bioactivity of the extracts. The presence of active principles; alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, poly phenol, saponins and tannins detected via the phytochemical screening may be responsible for the antimicrobial activities of the extracts.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5-1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Biological Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

  • Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

  • Sections